Challenges and Strategies: Curriculum Implementation in 21st Century Learning
Annisa Zauhar Nafisah, Agus Pahrudin, Sri Rahmi
Abstract
Education is fundamentally a process of shaping character and developing students' abilities. However, the expected educational outcomes have not been fully achieved, as evidenced by the low academic performance of many students. This study aims to examine aspects of curriculum implementation and the learning process. A qualitative research method was employed using a case study approach. The findings reveal that curriculum implementation, particularly in the learning process, involves student interaction with teachers and engagement with real-world problems both inside and outside the classroom. The stages of curriculum implementation consist of planning, implementation, and evaluation. Several factors hinder effective curriculum implementation, including a lack of teacher innovation, limited teacher skills and knowledge of new methodologies, inadequate facilities, misaligned policies, and low motivation to adopt innovations. Curriculum implementation is influenced by three main factors: curriculum characteristics, implementation strategies, and the characteristics of curriculum users.
Keywords
Curriculum Implementation; Challenges in Curriculum Implementation; Strategies for Curriculum Implementation
References
Abidin, D., Retnaningrum, E., Parinussa, J. D., Kuning, D. S., Manoppo, Y., & Kartika, I. M. (2023). Curriculum development in Indonesia from a historical perspective. Journal of Education Research, 4(2), 443–451.
Alkampary, A. I., Muhlis, W., & Norazizah, S. (2024). Definition and History of Educational Curriculum Development in Indonesia (1947-2013). Borneo Journal of Language and Education, 4(1), 159–174.
Cahyati, L., Tatang, T., & Maulani, H. (2023). Analisis Faktor Kesulitan dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Miftahul Iman Kota Bandung. Journal of Arabic Teaching, Linguistic and Literature, 3(1), 16–30.
Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute.
DuFour, R., & Eaker, R. (1998). Professional learning communities at work: Best practices for enhancing student achievement. Solution Tree.
Fullan, M. (2016). The new meaning of educational change. Teachers College Press.
Harahap, M. R., Lubis, M., Syafaruddin, S., & Syukri, M. (2022). Implementasi Kebijakan Kurikulum dalam Peningkatan Mutu Lulusan di MIN se-Kota Sibolga. Al-Fikru: Jurnal Ilmiah, 16(1).
Ilham, R. W. (2022). Perkembangan Teknologi di Bidang Pendidikan. COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development, 2(5), 468–475.
Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2005). Transformational leadership. The Essentials of School Leadership, 31, 43.
Maskur, R., Sumarno, Rahmawati, Y., Pradana, K., Syazali, M., Septian, A., & Palupi, E. K. (2020). The Effectiveness of Problem Based Learning and Aptitude Treatment Interaction in Improving Mathematical Creative Thinking Skills on Curriculum 2013. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.375
Nurmalasari, R., Dian, R., Wati, P., Puspitasari, P., Diana, W., & Dewi, N. K. (2013). Peran Guru Dalam Implementasi Kurikulum 2013. 722–733.
Pradana, K. C., Noer, S. H., & Sutiarso, S. (2025). ‘MATHUB’: Development and Usability Evaluation of an Interactive App for Learning Number Patterns in Middle School. Ensiklopedia: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran Saburai, 5(01), 13–23.
Rahmawati, Y., Pradana, K. C., Novalia, N., Rinaldi, A., & Syazali, M. (2021). Curiosity and creative characters: The impact on students’ numerical ability. Desimal: Jurnal Matematika, 4(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.24042/djm.v4i2.10182
Saavedra, A. R., & Opfer, V. D. (2012). Learning 21st-century skills requires 21st-century teaching. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(2), 8–13.
Sanga, L. D., & Wangdra, Y. (2023). Pendidikan adalah faktor penentu daya saing bangsa. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial Dan Teknologi (SNISTEK), 5, 84–90.
Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221–258.
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons.
Tsuraya, F. G., Azzahra, N., Azahra, S., & Maharani, S. P. (2022). Implementasi kurikulum merdeka dalam sekolah penggerak. Jurnal Pendidikan, Bahasa Dan Budaya, 1(4), 179–188.
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, & Wallet, P. (2014). ICT in Education in Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Integration and E-Readiness. UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2012). A comparative analysis of international frameworks for 21st century competences: Implications for national curriculum policies. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44(3), 299–321.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24967/esp.v5i01.4050
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Annisa Zauhar Nafisah, Agus Pahrudin, Sri RahmiAbstract
Keywords
References
Abidin, D., Retnaningrum, E., Parinussa, J. D., Kuning, D. S., Manoppo, Y., & Kartika, I. M. (2023). Curriculum development in Indonesia from a historical perspective. Journal of Education Research, 4(2), 443–451.
Alkampary, A. I., Muhlis, W., & Norazizah, S. (2024). Definition and History of Educational Curriculum Development in Indonesia (1947-2013). Borneo Journal of Language and Education, 4(1), 159–174.
Cahyati, L., Tatang, T., & Maulani, H. (2023). Analisis Faktor Kesulitan dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Miftahul Iman Kota Bandung. Journal of Arabic Teaching, Linguistic and Literature, 3(1), 16–30.
Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute.
DuFour, R., & Eaker, R. (1998). Professional learning communities at work: Best practices for enhancing student achievement. Solution Tree.
Fullan, M. (2016). The new meaning of educational change. Teachers College Press.
Harahap, M. R., Lubis, M., Syafaruddin, S., & Syukri, M. (2022). Implementasi Kebijakan Kurikulum dalam Peningkatan Mutu Lulusan di MIN se-Kota Sibolga. Al-Fikru: Jurnal Ilmiah, 16(1).
Ilham, R. W. (2022). Perkembangan Teknologi di Bidang Pendidikan. COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development, 2(5), 468–475.
Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2005). Transformational leadership. The Essentials of School Leadership, 31, 43.
Maskur, R., Sumarno, Rahmawati, Y., Pradana, K., Syazali, M., Septian, A., & Palupi, E. K. (2020). The Effectiveness of Problem Based Learning and Aptitude Treatment Interaction in Improving Mathematical Creative Thinking Skills on Curriculum 2013. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.375
Nurmalasari, R., Dian, R., Wati, P., Puspitasari, P., Diana, W., & Dewi, N. K. (2013). Peran Guru Dalam Implementasi Kurikulum 2013. 722–733.
Pradana, K. C., Noer, S. H., & Sutiarso, S. (2025). ‘MATHUB’: Development and Usability Evaluation of an Interactive App for Learning Number Patterns in Middle School. Ensiklopedia: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran Saburai, 5(01), 13–23.
Rahmawati, Y., Pradana, K. C., Novalia, N., Rinaldi, A., & Syazali, M. (2021). Curiosity and creative characters: The impact on students’ numerical ability. Desimal: Jurnal Matematika, 4(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.24042/djm.v4i2.10182
Saavedra, A. R., & Opfer, V. D. (2012). Learning 21st-century skills requires 21st-century teaching. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(2), 8–13.
Sanga, L. D., & Wangdra, Y. (2023). Pendidikan adalah faktor penentu daya saing bangsa. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial Dan Teknologi (SNISTEK), 5, 84–90.
Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221–258.
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons.
Tsuraya, F. G., Azzahra, N., Azahra, S., & Maharani, S. P. (2022). Implementasi kurikulum merdeka dalam sekolah penggerak. Jurnal Pendidikan, Bahasa Dan Budaya, 1(4), 179–188.
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, & Wallet, P. (2014). ICT in Education in Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Integration and E-Readiness. UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2012). A comparative analysis of international frameworks for 21st century competences: Implications for national curriculum policies. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44(3), 299–321.
Ensiklopedia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Inovasi Pembelajaran Saburai is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
