Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Educational Facilities in Central Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia
Tika Widayanti, Ratna Mustika Sari, Agung Mahadi Putra Perdana
Abstract
The rapid population growth in Central Lampung Regency has increased the demand for equitable access to educational facilities. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of educational facilities to determine whether their placement is clustered, random, or dispersed. The analysis uses the Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) method, a spatial analysis technique that measures the average distance between each facility and its nearest neighbor to assess spatial patterns. A total of 397 educational facilities, including junior high schools, senior high schools, and Islamic boarding schools, were analyzed using shapefile data obtained from the official geoportal of the Republic of Indonesia. The ANN results show an index value of 0.520875 with a z-score of -17.1969, indicating that educational facilities are clustered in specific regions. This clustering can lead to accessibility challenges for populations in underserved or rural areas. Therefore, it is recommended that the local government and the Central Lampung Education Office prioritize the development of new educational facilities in sparsely served districts to ensure more balanced spatial access to education services.
Keywords
Average Nearest Neighbor; Educational Facilities; Central Lampung
References
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BPS Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. (2025). Kabupaten Lampung Tengah Dalam Angka 2025. BPS Kabupaten Lampung Tengah.
BPS Provinsi Lampung. (2025). Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Pulau Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung, 2024. https://lampung.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/VUZwV01tSlpPVlpsWlRKbmMxcFhhSGhEVjFoUFFUMDkjMw==/luas-daerah-dan-jumlah-pulau-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-lampung--2024.html?year=2024
Brookman-Amissah, M., Wemegah, T. D., & Okyere, F. T. (2014). Crime mapping and analysis in the Dansoman police subdivision, Accra, Ghana—A geographic information systems approach. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 14(20), 28–37.
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4), 445–453.
Fidani, W. L., & Prarikeslan, W. (2019). Analisis Kebutuhan dan Sebaran Fasilitas Pendidikan Tingkat SMP dan SMA di Kabupaten Solok Selatan. Jurnal Buana, 3(6), 1152–1165.
Ghodousi, M., Sadeghi-Niaraki, A., Rabiee, F., & Choi, S. M. (2020). Spatial-temporal analysis of point distribution pattern of schools using spatial autocorrelation indices in Bojnourd city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12187755
Handayani, A., & Wibowo, A. (2024). Analisis Spasial Sebaran Sekolah di Kecamatan Warungkondang Kabupaten Cianjur Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Spatial Wahana Komunikasi Dan Informasi Geografi, 24(1), 66–71.
Jaslan, R., & Ramadhan, R. (2024). Analisis Pola Sebaran Fasilitas Pendidikan Tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) di Kabupaten Agam. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 8(2), 26743–26748. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v8i2.16552
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Riadhi, A. R., Aidid, M. K., & Ahmar, A. S. (2020). Analisis Penyebaran Hunian dengan Menggunakan Metode Nearest Neighbor Analysis. VARIANSI: Journal of Statistics and Its Application on Teaching and Research, 2(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.35580/variansiunm12901
Thompson, A. E., Walden, J. P., Chase, A. S. Z., Hutson, S. R., Marken, D. B., Cap, B., Fries, E. C., Piedrasanta, M. R. G., Hare, T. S., Horn, S. W., Micheletti, G. J., Montgomery, S. M., Munson, J., Richards-Rissetto, H., Shaw-Müller, K., Ardren, T., Awe, J. J., Brown, M. K., Callaghan, M., … Chase, D. Z. (2022). Ancient Lowland Maya neighborhoods: Average Nearest Neighbor analysis and kernel density models, environments, and urban scale. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 17, Issue 11 November). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275916
Valgunadi, A. N., Zidanarta, M. B., Rahmalia, A., & Arrasyid, R. (2023). Analisis Hotspot (Getis Ord Gi*) Dan Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) Pada Sebaran Pariwisata di Kabupaten Wonosobo. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi Undiksha, 11(2), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpg.v11i2.58127
Vidanapathirana, N., Wang, Y., Mclain, A. C., & Self, S. (2022). Cluster Detection Capabilities of the Average Nearest Neighbor Ratio and Ripley’s K Function on Areal Data: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Cornell University, 1(1), 1–21.
Widayanti, T., & Yulita, T. (2024). Settlement Patterns of the Population Use the Average Nearest Neighbor Method. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 11(5), 128–132. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET2411587
Zhang, Z., Sha, D., Dong, B., Ruan, S., Qiu, A., Li, Y., Liu, J., & Yang, C. (2020). Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors on crime changing during black lives matter protests. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110640
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24967/esp.v5i01.4035
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Tika Widayanti, Ratna Mustika Sari, Agung Mahadi Putra PerdanaAbstract
Keywords
References
Arkorful, V. E., Basiru, I., Anokye, R., Latif, A., Agyei, E. K., Hammond, A., Pokuaah, S., Arkorful, E. V., & Abdul-Rahaman, S. (2020). Equitable access and inclusiveness in basic education: Roadblocks to sustainable development goals. International Journal of Public Administration.
Blazy, R., & Łabuz, R. (2022). Spatial distribution and land development parameters of shopping centers based on GIS analysis: A case study on Kraków, Poland. Sustainability, 14(13), 7539.
BPS Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. (2025). Kabupaten Lampung Tengah Dalam Angka 2025. BPS Kabupaten Lampung Tengah.
BPS Provinsi Lampung. (2025). Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Pulau Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung, 2024. https://lampung.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/VUZwV01tSlpPVlpsWlRKbmMxcFhhSGhEVjFoUFFUMDkjMw==/luas-daerah-dan-jumlah-pulau-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-lampung--2024.html?year=2024
Brookman-Amissah, M., Wemegah, T. D., & Okyere, F. T. (2014). Crime mapping and analysis in the Dansoman police subdivision, Accra, Ghana—A geographic information systems approach. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 14(20), 28–37.
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4), 445–453.
Fidani, W. L., & Prarikeslan, W. (2019). Analisis Kebutuhan dan Sebaran Fasilitas Pendidikan Tingkat SMP dan SMA di Kabupaten Solok Selatan. Jurnal Buana, 3(6), 1152–1165.
Ghodousi, M., Sadeghi-Niaraki, A., Rabiee, F., & Choi, S. M. (2020). Spatial-temporal analysis of point distribution pattern of schools using spatial autocorrelation indices in Bojnourd city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12187755
Handayani, A., & Wibowo, A. (2024). Analisis Spasial Sebaran Sekolah di Kecamatan Warungkondang Kabupaten Cianjur Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Spatial Wahana Komunikasi Dan Informasi Geografi, 24(1), 66–71.
Jaslan, R., & Ramadhan, R. (2024). Analisis Pola Sebaran Fasilitas Pendidikan Tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) di Kabupaten Agam. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 8(2), 26743–26748. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v8i2.16552
Muazir, S., Nurhamsyah, M., & Alhamdani, M. R. (2022). Pola Sebaran dan Keterpusatan Fasilitas Pendidikan sebagai Pelayanan Publik di Kota Pontianak. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning (Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan Wilayah Dan Perdesaan), 6(3), 233–248.
Munawaroh, L., Hikmah, N. ’Izzatul, & Pramulatsih, G. P. (2020). Evaluasi Kecukupan Spasial Dan Proyeksi Kebutuhan Sarana Pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics, 2019(1), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2019i1.218
Raharjo, S. S., & Hayati, R. (2022). Analisis Daya Layan dan Proyeksi Kebutuhan Fasilitas Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Colomadu Tahun 2030. Geo-Image Journal, 11(1), 7–13.
Riadhi, A. R., Aidid, M. K., & Ahmar, A. S. (2020). Analisis Penyebaran Hunian dengan Menggunakan Metode Nearest Neighbor Analysis. VARIANSI: Journal of Statistics and Its Application on Teaching and Research, 2(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.35580/variansiunm12901
Thompson, A. E., Walden, J. P., Chase, A. S. Z., Hutson, S. R., Marken, D. B., Cap, B., Fries, E. C., Piedrasanta, M. R. G., Hare, T. S., Horn, S. W., Micheletti, G. J., Montgomery, S. M., Munson, J., Richards-Rissetto, H., Shaw-Müller, K., Ardren, T., Awe, J. J., Brown, M. K., Callaghan, M., … Chase, D. Z. (2022). Ancient Lowland Maya neighborhoods: Average Nearest Neighbor analysis and kernel density models, environments, and urban scale. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 17, Issue 11 November). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275916
Valgunadi, A. N., Zidanarta, M. B., Rahmalia, A., & Arrasyid, R. (2023). Analisis Hotspot (Getis Ord Gi*) Dan Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) Pada Sebaran Pariwisata di Kabupaten Wonosobo. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi Undiksha, 11(2), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpg.v11i2.58127
Vidanapathirana, N., Wang, Y., Mclain, A. C., & Self, S. (2022). Cluster Detection Capabilities of the Average Nearest Neighbor Ratio and Ripley’s K Function on Areal Data: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Cornell University, 1(1), 1–21.
Widayanti, T., & Yulita, T. (2024). Settlement Patterns of the Population Use the Average Nearest Neighbor Method. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 11(5), 128–132. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET2411587
Zhang, Z., Sha, D., Dong, B., Ruan, S., Qiu, A., Li, Y., Liu, J., & Yang, C. (2020). Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors on crime changing during black lives matter protests. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110640
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